Read Hosea 1 through 3 at Bible Gateway.
The Hebrew paragraph divisions:
Hos 1:1-2a {p} The word of the LORD by the prophet Hosea the son of Beeri
Hos 1:2b-9 {p} Hosea’s wife of harlotry, and the three children she bore him: Jezreel, Lo-Ruhamah, Lo-Ammi
Hos 1:10-2:13 {s} Israel will be My people to whom mercy is shown/The charge against Israel who forgot YHVH
Hos 2:14-20 {p} YHVH will woo Israel + she will forget the Baals + He will betroth her to Himself
Hos 2:21-23 {p} YHVH will answer heaven + earth/ He will sow Israel for Himself + have mercy + His people, their God
Hos 3:1-5 {p} Hosea takes his adulterous wife back as the LORD will take adulterous Israel back, when she seeks Him
The chiastic structure:
introduction) Hos 1:1-2a {p} The word of the LORD that came to Hosea the son of Beeri;
1a) Hos 1:2b-3, “Go, take yourself a wife + children of harlotry, for Israel has committed harlotry by departing from YHVH;”
1b) Hos 1:4-2:1b, Hosea’s three children Jezreel, Lo-Ruhamah, Lo-Ammi;
1a.1) Hos 1:4-5, His son Jezreel (God sows), for the kingdom of the house of Israel will end in the Valley of Jezreel;
1a.2) Hos 1:6-7, His daughter Lo-Ruhamah (not pitied), for God will no longer have mercy on the house of Israel;
1a.3) Hos 1:8-9 {p} His son Lo-Ammi (not My people), for Israel is not His people + He will not be their God;
central axis) Hos 1:10, “Yet the number of the children of Israel shall be as the sand of the sea, which cannot be measured or numbered. And it shall come to pass in the place where it was said to them, ‘You are not My people,’ there it shall be said to them, ‘You are sons of the living God;’
2a.1) Hos 1:11, Judah + Israel gathered together under one head + up out of the land, for great is Jezreel;
2a.3) Hos 2:1a, Say to your brethren, ‘My people (ammi);’
2a.2) Hos 2:1b, And to your sisters, ‘Mercy is shown (ruhamah);’
1c) Hos 2:2a-12a, Israel is not My wife, nor I her husband for her adulteries (but she will return to Him);
1a) Hos 2:2a-5a, Israel is not My wife, nor I her husband for her adulteries/ Lest I strip her naked + expose her;
1b) Hos 2:5b, She said, ‘I will go after my lovers, who give me my bread, water, wool, linen, oil, drink;”
central axis) Hos 2:6-7, “Therefore, behold, I will hedge up your way with thorns, and wall her in, so that she cannot find her paths. She will chase her lovers, but not overtake them; yes, she will seek them, but not find them. Then she will say, ‘I will go and return to my first husband, for then it was better for me than now;’”
2b) Hos 2:8-9, “She did not know that I gave her grain, wine, oil, silver, gold— which they gave to Baal, therefore I will take it away;
2a) Hos 2:10-12a, I will uncover her lewdness in her lovers’ sight/ Her mirth + festivals + vines, fig trees will cease;
1d) Hos 2:12b, “So I will make them a forest, and the beasts of the field shall eat them;”
1e) Hos 2:13 {s} “I will punish her for going after her lovers, the Baals, but Me she forgot;”
central axis) Hos 2:14-15, “Therefore, behold, I will allure her, will bring her into the wilderness, and speak comfort to her. I will give her her vineyards from there, and the Valley of Achor as a door of hope; she shall sing there, as in the days of her youth, as in the day when she came up from the land of Egypt;”
2e) Hos 2:16-17, “Israel will call Me My Husband (ishi) not My Master (baali)/ I will remove the name of Baal from her mouth;”
2d) Hos 2:18, “I will make a covenant for them with the beasts of the field/ bow + sword I will shatter from the earth;”
2c) Hos 2:19-20 {p} “I will betroth you to Me forever, in righteousness + lovingkindness/ you shall know YHVH;”
2b) Hos 2:21-23 {p} I Myself will sow her (jezreel) + have mercy on her (ruhamah) + call them My people (ammi);
2a) Hos 3:1-5 {p} “Go again, love an adulteress, just like the love of the LORD for the children of Israel.”
Hosea was a prophet to the northern kingdom of Israel before they were carried away captive by Assyria, but as he prophesied from the reigns of Uzziah through Hezekiah, kings of Judah, he might have seen their captivity with his own eyes at the end of his ministry.
A pair: God is using Hosea’s relationship with his wife Gomer, as a prophetic object lesson for the relationship between Himself and the children of Israel. Just as Gomer was Hosea’s wife, who had been a harlot, Israel was YHVH’s wife, whom He betrothed to Himself by the covenant of Sinai (the commandments, Deu 4:13), but Israel was unfaithful to Him because of her idolatry. It appears that after Gomer had borne Hosea three children, and weaned them, she again departed from him to live as an adulteress, and from that life, Hosea purchased her and brought her back to himself (Hos 3) just as the LORD God did and is doing with His unfaithful wife Israel.
B pair: The names of Hosea’s children are significant:
Jezreel: Strong’s H3157, “God sows.” It is true that Israel was defeated (“the bow of Israel broken”), so that she was then taken captive by Assyria, in the Valley of Jezreel, the same valley where Jehu slew the house of Ahab. But note that Jezreel means, “God sows.” In the 2a.1 pair, the matching pair to the naming of Hosea’s son Jezreel, the children of the house of Judah, and the children of the house of Israel are gathered together under one head (which the later prophecy of Ezekiel echoes in Eze 37:21-22). Then they shall be brought up out of the land, for great is the day of Jezreel. What does that mean? Well, what does a seed do when it is sown? It springs up out of the land. This is a reference to Israel’s abundant growth in the day of Jezreel, because God has sown them.
Lo-Ruhamah: Strong’s H3819, “not having obtained mercy,” “not pitied;” for God will no longer extend mercy after mercy for Israel’s sin of idolatry. He had been forgiving them and forgiving them for hundreds of years, and unlike Judah, Israel never experienced a national repentance from the first day of the reign of Jeroboam I, to now. Everyone whom the Lord sent to lead the national repentance (Jehu, for example) turned away and did the same sins. But, Hosea goes on to tell, He will yet have mercy on Judah, for He will save them by the LORD, and not by bows or horses – not by military might. And that is just what happened when He saved Judah and Jerusalem from the hand of Sennacherib. Yet even for all of Israel’s sins, His word to Israel is, “Mercy is shown to you;” the same name, ruhamah, without the negative prefix. In other words, when the punishment for her sin is completed and her captivity is ended, He will again show mercy to her.
Lo-Ammi: Strong’s H3818, “not My people;” for Israel is no longer God’s people, and He is no longer their God, because of their repeated violations of the covenant, in which God said, ‘I am the Lord; I will bring you out from under the burdens of the Egyptians, I will rescue you from their bondage, and I will redeem you with an outstretched arm and with great judgments. I will take you as My people, and I will be your God. Then you shall know that I am the Lord your God who brings you out from under the burdens of the Egyptians,’ (Exo 6:6-7). The repeated covenant- breaking of Israel, has finally caused God to say to them, the deal is off, you are not My people and I am not your God. But then He immediately turns around and says, ‘Say to your brothers, “My people.” In fact, Hos 1:10 is repeated in the New Testament:
What if God, wanting to show His wrath and to make His power known, endured with much longsuffering the vessels of wrath prepared for destruction, and that He might make known the riches of His glory on the vessels of mercy, which He had prepared beforehand for glory, even us whom He called, not of the Jews only, but also of the Gentiles? As He says also in Hosea: “I will call them My people, who were not My people, And her beloved, who was not beloved.” “And it shall come to pass in the place where it was said to them, ‘You are not My people,’ There they shall be called sons of the living God.” Rom 9:22-26
For when the house of Israel is regathered from the far corners of the earth, they will seem to themselves and others, I am sure, as Gentiles, having assimilated into the Gentile culture for so many centuries. But God will sovereignly open their eyes to that fact that they are Israel. And this is what is happening with so many of us in our day.
This is the third witness that the end of Israel’s punishment will be restoration: to the land, to mercy, and as the people of God.
Now the 2B pair; this is the fascinating part:
“It shall come to pass in that day that I will answer,” says the Lord; “I will answer the heavens, and they shall answer the earth. The earth shall answer with grain, with new wine, and with oil; they shall answer Jezreel. Then I will sow her for Myself in the earth, and I will have mercy on her who had not obtained mercy; then I will say to those who were not My people, ‘You are My people!’ And they shall say, ‘You are my God!’” Hos 2:21-23
What is going on with the answering heaven and earth? Three times in Torah, Moses called heaven and earth to witness against Israel, that they would be unfaithful to the LORD God (Deu 4:26, Deu 30:19, Deu 31:28). By the time of Hosea’s prophecy, it was clear that Israel had been unfaithful to the LORD God. So in this indictment and reading of the sentence, that God is doing through Hosea to Israel, He had said that the kingdom of Israel will end and taken away captive in the Valley of Jezreel, but their judgment is not the end. The LORD will answer the heavens: this means that the heavens are proclaiming their witness, their testimony against Israel, and God Himself will answer them. Then when He answers the heavens, thus informing their witness, the heavens, then, will answer the earth, which has been proclaiming its witness and its testimony against Israel. So how did the Land of Israel change when Israel was taken captive? The land that was once lush and green, flowing with milk and honey, became a barren desert (as we saw Isaiah prophesy). In other words, the heavens withheld their rain – that was their witness – and the earth, then, in answer to heaven, withheld its fruit – that was its witness. But now the LORD God will change that. He will speak to the heavens, and answer their witness, and the heavens will speak to the earth and answer its witness. The result will be, the earth will answer with grain, new wine, oil, etc. The heavens speak to the earth with rain, and the earth answers back with fruitfulness. THEN God will sow (the meaning of “Jezreel”) Israel Himself in the earth. What does that mean? Their very captivity was the means God used to sow Israel to the ends of the earth. When the heavens “rain” on the seed God plants, the earth (sown with the seed of Israel) will respond with “fruitfulness.” Speaking in prophetic symbolism, the rain of heaven is the Spirit, and the fruitfulness of the seed of Israel, is the fruit of the Spirit – love, joy, peace, patience, faithfulness – hello, instead of unfaithfulness. God is talking about sowing Israel like seed all over the earth, then given them all heart transplants by the Spirit (Ezekiel again) and watching His fruit increase all over the earth. For He will have mercy on Israel, and He will say to those who were not His people, “You are My people!” and they will say: “You are My God!”
I know this is long, but one more point: E pair: He will punish Israel, for she was His wife, but she went after lovers instead. But when He will restore her, she will call YHVH My Husband, and not My Master. What a beautiful picture of the covenant status between Israel and God moving from a Master/ servant relationship, in which God issues commands like our boss and we must obey them or be fired; to a Husband/ wife relationship, in which everything God does (including commandments) is done from a heart of love and tender devotion, and His wife – not servant – Israel, receives it as such, an expression of love, and responds in kind, with joyful obedience in love! Really, for God it has always been this way, but Israel did not see it that way, something she is seeing and increasingly seeing in our day!
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